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The director of audiography (DA) within Bollywood-style filmmaking,〔(The Culture-Specific Use of Sound in Indian Cinema (1999) )〕 is the head of the sound department and the person responsible for planning the audiography and managing the audiographers of a film. The title is not used professionally in most of the world. The role of audiographer and the title "director of audiography" derives from Bollywood-style filmmaking in India, where it is an established title credit.〔(Appu Chesi Pappu Koodu (1958) )〕〔(Yehi Hai Zindagi (1977) )〕〔(Virasat (1997) )〕〔(Bhoothnath (2008) )〕 The DA works to carry out the director's vision, identifies the tasks necessary to realize this vision, budgets for those tasks and coordinates all the work from pre-production to post-production whilst keeping an eye on overall sound quality. Since the onset of the "talkies", a creative and professional conflict has emerged from the ongoing tension between the visual and aural dimensions of film. Production sound crews often complain about the lack of consideration given to sound on film productions. 〔(An Open Letter from your Sound Department ) by John Coffey et al. (v 1.0)〕 〔( An Open Letter from your Sound Department ) by John Coffey et al. (v 1.4)〕 Having a DA in pre-production helps to exert a powerful presence to defend the dimension of sound in film. In the early days of the Hollywood studio system, every studio had a sound director (SD)〔''The Lost Sound Director'' (page 35) in ''The Practical Art of Motion Picture Sound'' by David Lewis Yewdall, M.P.S.E., Focal Press (1999).〕 or a recording director (RD), who headed the sound department and took sole credit for the work done by a large crew of sound technicians. 〔''Sound-On-Film'' by Vincent LoBrutto (1994)〕 〔(Walter Murch )〕 Hollywood sound editor David Yewdall bemoans the loss of the SD in Hollywood〔''The Lost Sound Director'' (page 35) in ''The Practical Art of Motion Picture Sound'' by David Lewis Yewdall, M.P.S.E., Focal Press (1999).〕 and recalls the story of film producer Ross Hunter, working on the film ''Airport'', who neglected to take the advice of sound editor Joe Sikorski to record aircraft sound effects on location; an SD would have immediately appreciated the financial implications of ''not'' taking such advice.〔''The Lost Sound Director'' (page 116) in ''The Practical Art of Motion Picture Sound'' by David Lewis Yewdall, M.P.S.E., Focal Press (1999).〕 Following the demise of the studio system and the loss of the sound director, part of this role was delegated to the post-production supervisor, supervising sound editor, sound designer or production sound mixer - each role allegedly having less influence, responsibility and scope than the former SD. Where no DA is hired - as is the case when making films in the West - there has been some debate on the most appropriate role to head the sound department; a supervising sound editor is seen as a technical manager - comparable to an art director - whereas a sound designer is viewed as a creative visionary, analogous to a production designer.〔''Sound-On-Film'' by Vincent LoBrutto (1994), page. 254〕〔''Sounds of Movies'' by Nicholas Pasquariello (1996, 1997), page. 130〕 In practice, the industry sees both roles as equivalent.〔(AMPS website ) - see the note on Supervising Sound Editors in the Directory of Members PDF〕 The DA should not be confused with a production supervisor or post-production supervisor - both are administrative roles in the production department. In contrast, the DA is a technical role blending leadership, management and administrative skills with creative audiography ranging over pre-production, production and post-production - constrained only by the Director's vision and the production's schedule and budget. In many ways the DoA role is a natural extension of the more limited post-production role of supervising sound editor. The term director of sound (DoS) has also been proposed as an alternative title to that of DA.〔(Randy Thom )〕 == References == 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Director of audiography」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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